![Osage orange fruit and leaf.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p35-osageorange.jpg?itok=LVKw11Tq)
![Osage orange fruit and leaf.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p35-osageorange.jpg?itok=LVKw11Tq)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 35
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Osage orange grows as a medium-sized tree up to 50 feet tall. It has yellow-green fleshy fruits with a knobby surface that resembles a brain. Its alternate, simple leaves taper to a long, pointed tip.
![Alfalfa flower.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p03-alfalfa.jpg?itok=kLF-_oac)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 03
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Alfalfa leaves are divided into three leaflets, with the middle leaflet on a distinct stalk. Leaflets are serrated along the outer third to half and are somewhat elongated. Flowers are usually purple, sometimes bluish, rarely white. Fruits are usually curved or twisted.
![Cover art for publication CM360](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/images/cm0360cvr.jpg?itok=eqDr_8Ad)
Writing Columns
Reviewed
Before writing a column, think about purpose, audience, content and structure. Visit our website today to learn more about writing columns.
![Paspalums.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p38-paspalums.jpg?itok=1UFBNCJ-)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 38
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Paspalums seeds are round and flattened and are neatly lined up (but sometimes overlapping slightly) on the seed stalk in two or four rows. Some paspalum species have conspicuous silky hairs at the base of the spikelet.
![Beggar's lice in flower.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p06-beggarslice_0.jpg?itok=4ro1xTGG)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 06
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Beggar's lice has triangular seedpods covered with dense hairs that cause them to stick to clothing. During the growing season, it can be recognized by its divided leaf and pink flower.
![Pokeweed.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p41-pokeweed.jpg?itok=u_mBD-Hw)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 41
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Pokeweed leaves are smooth, oblong and usually 6 to 8 inches in length, though they may grow up to 12 inches. Stems turn bright purple as the plant matures. Clusters of succulent, shiny purple berries, about 1/4 inch in diameter, occur at the tops of the plants.
![Briars.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p09-briars.jpg?itok=ux0cZVLY)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 09
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Several briar species grow tall canes that form large thickets of dense, prickly cover. The briars exhibit numerous five-petaled white flowers from April through June.
![Publication cover.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-01/g09445cvr.jpg?itok=fFx_q2Rv)
Controlling Voles in Horticulture Plantings and Orchards in Missouri
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Three species of voles occur in the state: the pine or woodland vole (Microtus pinetorum), the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogatser). Voles are small, weighing 1 to 2 ounces as adults.
![Cover art for publication G9485](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/images/g09485cvr.jpg?itok=yG-_0CB-)
Techniques for Aging Live Deer
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The ability to age live deer is a beneficial skill for all deer hunters and managers. Visit our site to learn Techniques for Aging Live Deer.
![Roundhead lespedeza.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p44-roundlespedeza.jpg?itok=BTAK9mtL)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 44
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Roundhead lespedeza has reddish-brown, rounded seed heads. Leaflets are elongated and occur in sets of three. In summer, the underside of the leaf is silvery. Mature plants commonly attain a height of 3 feet and may grow as tall as 6 feet.
![A woodland vole.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-01/g09445cvr-p02-woodlandvole.jpg?itok=UaKbhMs3)
Controlling Voles in Horticulture Plantings and Orchards in Missouri - Page 2
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Pine voles spend most of their lives under the ground in burrow systems. They can be found in forested areas but also inhabit fields next to woodlands. They feed on plant roots, flower bulbs, and the growing tissue (cambium) of tree roots.
![Croton.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p12-croton.jpg?itok=bXIe2W6_)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 12
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Croton produces abundant seeds and is a common summer weed in pastures and other disturbed areas. A dense covering of white hairs gives croton flowers a fuzzy white appearance.
![Common elderberry.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p15-elderberry.jpg?itok=PMiD7gS_)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 15
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Common elderberry is a shrub that grows to 8 feet tall and forms dense colonies from root sprouts. The tops are multibranched, bearing opposite, pinnately compound leaves 4 to 12 inches long. Lance-shaped leaflets are 2 to 6 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide and sharply toothed.
![Sideoats grama.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p47-sideoatsgrama.jpg?itok=fTtACZoO)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 47
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Sideoats grama has fine leaves and widely spaced fine hairs along the leaf edge, especially near the collar. Most sideoats plants are 18-24 inches tall at maturity. It has a unique, oatlike seed that droops slightly off one side of the stalk.
![Foxtail.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p18-foxtail.jpg?itok=3RgIBVmv)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 18
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Most of the foxtails found in the Midwest are native to Europe and Asia. They are annual plants generally considered to be weeds. The seed head has the bushy form of a fox's tail. Height at maturity varies by species, but is generally 1-3 feet.
![Cover art for publication G9491](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/images/g09491cvr.jpg?itok=b3yK-kaJ)
Managing for White-tailed Deer in Missouri: Setting and Accomplishing Management Goals
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White-tailed deer management
This deer conservation guide is one in a series developed jointly by MU Extension and the Missouri Department of Conservation.
![Smooth sumac.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p50-sumac.jpg?itok=l8OVDonL)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 50
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Winged, smooth and staghorn sumac have single stems and a broad reaching canopy of pinnately compound leaves. Fragrant sumac has three leaves resembling poison ivy but with more serrated margins. The leaves of all species often turn a brilliant red in autumn.
![Wild grapes.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p21-grapes.jpg?itok=4XKrdNkK)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 21
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Wild grapes are vines capable of climbing to 75 feet or more by means of tendrils. Leaves are alternate, simple and heart-shaped (Vitis) to triangular (Ampelopsis). Flowers bloom from mid to late spring, and globe-shaped fruits are borne in drooping clusters from late summer through fall.
![Three-seeded mercury.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p53-mercury.jpg?itok=JvBNAnCz)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 53
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Three-seeded mercury is characterized by longitudinally folded, lobed, leaflike bracts that persist throughout the growing season. The seeds are small, egg-shaped and dark brown to light gray or tan.
![Hazelnut.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p24-hazelnut.jpg?itok=LkdCsvbz)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 24
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Hazelnut is a thicket-forming, spreading shrub that can vary in height from 3 to 10 feet. Its leaves are egg-shaped to oval, doubly serrated with five to eight veins on each side of the central vein. Fruits occur in clusters of two to six.
![Bluish black mature viburnum fruit.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p56-viburnum.jpg?itok=V39A0z30)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 56
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Viburnum grows as shrubs or small trees with branching crowns. Flowers are borne in dense, flat-topped panicles that produce many red to bluish black, berrylike fruits in fall. The leaves are opposite and turn brilliant shades of deep rose-purple to rose-red or bright red in fall.
![Indian grass.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p27-indiangrass.jpg?itok=Y7NGMFW6)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 27
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Indian grass is a tall, warm-season nativethat averages 4 to 6 feet in height at maturity. Stems are stiff, and leaves are long and narrow. A characteristic of the plant is the notched ligule, suggesting the rear sight of a rifle.
![Cover art for publication MP903](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/images/mp0903cvr.jpg?itok=cS7PwFR0)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest
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Learn how to identify plants important to bobwhites in the Midwest so that you can critically evaluate the food and cover components of habitat on your land.
![A bobwhite quail.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p59.jpg?itok=wdnWve53)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 59
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Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the following individuals and groups for their constructive review of this publication: Steve Clubine, Elsa Gallagher, Emily Horner, Lee Hughes, Aaron Jeffries, Matt Seek, Tim Smith, Bill White, and members of the Missouri Quail and Grassland Bird Technical Committee.
![Lespdeza.](/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-04/mp0903cvr-p30-lespdeza.jpg?itok=-OcoiI2y)
Quail-Friendly Plants of the Midwest, Page 30
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Annual lespedeza and Korean lespedeza exhibit many similarities in growth form, occurring as semierect herbaceous plants with three-lobed leaves and reddish-purple to white flowers. Lower leaves are spreading while upper leaves stand erect.