Applying water to the fire can be done through a variety of methods and hose lines. For this to be effective, the operator must understand the basic principles of hydraulics and pump operations. Pumping Fundamentals is an introduction to the principles, variables, and calculations concerning the delivery of water on the fire-ground. This class will review the movement of water in fire suppression activities and demonstrate the importance of understanding fire-ground hydraulics, water characteristics, nozzle reaction, nozzle pressure, determining required fire flow, fire service pump design, pump discharge pressures and aerial device friction loss, pressures, and flows. Practical portions of this class will review pump operations from a hydrant and draft and will also show the importance of an adequate water supply.