Reviewed

Revised by Richard M. Houseman
Division of Plant Sciences

There are several types of beetles that damage wood used for construction. They are commonly placed into three main groups: powderpost beetles, round-headed borers and flat-headed borers. These three groups include beetles from five scientific families: Lyctidae, Bostrichidae, Anobiidae, Cerambycidae and Buprestidae (Figure 1). Most species are less than 6mm (1/4 inch) long, but a few reach 25 mm (1 inch) in length. Some of the differences between these beetle families are shown in Table 1.

Wood-damaging beetles Figure 1
Wood-damaging beetles: adults, top, and larvae, bottom. Left to right: Lyctid, Bostrichid, Anobiid, Cerambycid (old house borer), Buprestid.
 

Table 1
Characteristics of wood-damaging beetles.

Beetle familyAdult appearanceWood preferencesCharacteristic damage
Lyctidae
True powderpost beetles
Shape
Somewhat flattened, head projecting forward
Size
3 to 7 mm long
Color
Reddish brown to black
Hardwoods
Sapwood
Prefer newer lumber
Will reinfest
Exit holes
0.8 to 1.6 mm in diameter. Early damage along the grain of the wood but later may reduce entire sapwood to powder.
Frass
Fine powder that readily sifts out. No pellets.
Bostrichidae
False powderpost beetles
Shape
Cylindrical, head directed downward, covered by spiney thorax
Size
3 to 6 mm long
Color
Reddish brown to black
Hardwoods
Sapwood
Will occasionally attack softwoods
Rarely reinfests
Exit holes
3 to 7 mm in diameter. Occasional tunnel going across the grain
Frass
Fine or coarse, which tends to cake. Few, if any, pellets.
Anobiidae
Furniture beetles
Shape
Cylindrical, head directed downward and covered by hoodlike thorax
Size
3 to 7 mm long
Color
Reddish brown to black
Hardwoods
Softwoods
Sapwood
Heartwood
Seasoned wood
Will reinfest
Exit holes
1.6 to 3.0 mm in diameter. More advanced galleries running across the grain.
Frass
contains elongate or bun-shaped pellets.
Cerambycidae
Longhorned beetles (old house borer)
Shape
Somewhat flattened, antennae half the length of the body
Size
16 to 25 mm long
Color
Grayish black to brown with two bare spots directly behind head and two white patches on the wing covers
Softwoods
Sapwood
Seasoned wood
Contrary to its name, it prefers newer wood but may be found in old buildings
Will reinfest
Exit holes
6 to 10 mm in diameter. Extensive tunnels by larvae that avoid feeding all the way out to external surfaces.
Frass
powderlike, containing many barrel-shaped pellets.
Buprestidae
Metallic wood-boring beetles
Shape
Somewhat flattened and boat-shaped, wing covers are usually ridged or roughened
Size
6 to 25 mm long
Color
Usually dark colored with a metallic sheen
Hardwoods
Softwoods
Sapwood
Heartwood
Unseasoned wood
Will not reinfest
Exit holes
2 to 10 mm in diameter. Extensive flat, winding tunnels, packed with frass. Walls scarred with transverse lines.
Frass
sawdust-like, containing pellets.

Damage

Wood infested with wood-boring beetles has numerous "shot holes" in the surface. Small pieces of sawdust (frass) produced by the larvae as they tunnel may sift from the holes when the wood is bumped or disturbed. Cutting into the infested wood often reveals many tunnels filled with frass. Characteristics of the frass and the tunnel system vary between different wood-boring beetle species.

Subflooring, hardwood flooring, interior trim, joists, sills and especially beams are subject to attack. Other wood products, such as hardwood furniture, implement handles and ladders, may also be attacked. Log houses are especially vulnerable. Vacation or recreation structures are also more prone to beetle attack because they often have higher moisture content in the wood due to intermittent heating or poor ventilation.

The amount of damage caused by wood-boring beetles will vary based on the species of beetle and their unique feeding and egg-laying preferences. Damage weakens structural timbers and results primarily from the feeding activities of the beetle larvae.

Life history

The stages in the life cycle of wood-boring beetles are illustrated in Figure 2. Young beetle larvae hatch from eggs, burrow into wood, and begin feeding. The larvae of different wood-boring beetle species differ in size and shape (Figure 1), but most larvae are yellowish white with dark mandibles (jaws). The strong jaws enable the larvae to construct tunnels as they feed on starch and other compounds within the wood. Wood-damaging beetle larvae often go unnoticed because they feed beneath the surface of the wood and their tunnels are not visible. Feeding tunnels vary in size and shape according to species, and can be distinguished from other types of insect damage (e.g., termites, carpenter ants). The time required for the larvae to complete their development varies from a few months to several years, depending on the species and the availability of food and moisture in the wood.

Wood-damaging beetles life cycle Figure 2
Wood-damaging beetles spend most of their life cycle in the larval stage, in which the damage occurs.
 

When beetle larvae have completed their development inside the wood, they pupate. The pupal stage is an inactive developmental period. The pupae eventually change into adult beetles that bore holes to the outside of the wood. The size and shape of these exit holes vary between species (Table 1). Soon after emerging from the wood, adult beetles mate and the newly mated females search for suitable sources of wood in which to lay their eggs. The female often tastes the wood to determine whether suitable levels of starch and moisture exist. Some groups of beetles prefer hardwoods while others prefer softwoods. Most wood-boring species lay eggs only on wood before it is seasoned and processed, but a few species will lay eggs on seasoned lumber.

Control

Prevention
Preventing a wood-boring beetle infestation is not always possible because of the hidden feeding activities of the larvae. However, you can reduce the threat of infestation by using seasoned lumber in construction and inspecting lumber and other wood items before purchase. Sealing exposed wood surfaces with a protective layer of polyurethane, varnish, or paint will also prevent the egg-laying activities of species that can reinfest structural timbers. In addition, firewood should be de-barked, stored outside, and only brought into the home immediately before use.

Reducing moisture levels in structural wood also helps prevent wood-boring beetle infestations. Good ventilation in attics and crawlspaces, in addition to consistent heating and cooling, will maintain wood moisture levels below that required for growth and development of beetle larvae.

Nonchemical control
The use of heat is effective in controlling populations of wood-boring beetles. The temperature of the wood must be maintained at 120 degrees Fahrenheit for at least 30 minutes to kill all of the active stages.

Chemical control
It is possible to treat infestations in unfinished wood with an insecticide (Table 2). Insecticides should be applied as coarse sprays, or with a paintbrush. Make a second application before the first is completely dry. This works out to be approximately 1 gallon of finished solution per 100 square feet of wood surface. Since the insecticide penetrates only the outer surface, this type of treatment is designed to kill adults as they emerge from the wood, rather than the larvae that are feeding within the wood.

Finished wood can also be treated if you remove the finish, treat the wood as above, and then refinish. If it is not possible or desirable to remove the finish, treat the existing exit holes, open joints and crevices between boards with an insecticide. A hypodermic needle is useful for slowly injecting diluted insecticide into the exit holes. When treating cracks, crevices and exit holes, repeated applications should be made over a period of several days.

A pest control professional can be helpful in controlling infestations of wood-boring beetles if there is a severe infestation throughout the structure. However, this process is expensive. The pest control operator may be able to place smaller items, such as pieces of furniture, in a fumigation chamber at a more reasonable cost. Fumigants available to the PCO for this purpose include methyl bromide and sulfuryl fluoride.

Warning on the use of chemicals

Before using any chemical, read the label carefully for directions on application procedures, appropriate rate, first aid, storage and disposal. Make sure that the chemical is properly registered for use on the intended pest.
 

Table 2
Insecticides for controlling wood-damaging beetles.

InsecticideTrade name(s)
Nonrestricted-use insecticides*
Disodium octaborate tetrahydrateBora-Care
Tim-Bor
Restricted-use insecticides*
CyfluthrinTempo
CypermethrinDemon TC
EsfenvalerateConquer
PermethrinPrelude
*All chemical information is presented with the understanding that no endorsement of named products is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned.
Publication No. G7422