When Pirelli Co. developed the first radial tractor tire in 1957, the company claimed it would develop 20 percent greater traction with less slippage at equal load than an equivalent bias-ply tire. (Forrest, et al. 1962) Subsequent research has confirmed that radial tires have the advantage in tractive efficiency. H. Erdal Ozkan, state extension specialist at Ohio State University, has reviewed all available research results related to field performance of tractors equipped with radial and bias ply tires.
| Author | Increase in tractive efficiency for radials |
|---|---|
| Seleznev and Kovalez (1968) | 13 percent |
| Bohnert and Kenady (1975) | 7 percent |
| Hoffman (1983) | 8 to 9.5 percent |
| Hausz and Akins (1980) | 7 to 13 percent |
In most cases, the research was done with the same wheel slip for radial and bias tires. This may have kept the radial tires from reaching the predicted 20 percent advantage.
Drawbar pull tests were reported as follows:
| Author | Wheel slip | Soil | Advantage of radial |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forrest (1962) | less than 15 percent | Sand Loam Clay | 8 percent 23 percent 21 percent |
| Thaden (1962) | 16 percent | 29 percent | |
| Mumgaard and Rudakov (1975) | 15 percent | Firm | 15.5 percent |
| Bohnert and Kenady (1975) | Tilled Sod | 14.6 percent 18.8 percent | |
| Gee-Clough (1977) | 20 percent | 5-8 percent |
Field capacity and fuel consumption were studied:
| Author | Increase in field capacity for radials | Reduction in fuel consumption for radials |
|---|---|---|
| Seleznev and Kovalez (1986) | 10.7 percent | 13 percent |
| B.F. Goodrich Co. (1981) | 12.3 percent | 12.8 percent |
| Bohnert and Kenady (1975) | 16.4 percent | |
| Hauck and Kucera (1983) | 2.1 percent | 6.5 to 8.1 percent |
| Hausz and Akins (1980) | 5 to 7 percent | 6 to 10 percent |
Conditions used by investigators were not constant, and results cannot be directly compared. Radial tires, however, do seem to have the advantage in every category except purchase price. Resistance to abrasive wear seems about the same for radial and bias tires, but radial tires have much longer tread life than bias tires. Radial tires will have service life 25 to 40 percent longer than equivalent bias tires (Ozkan, 1986).
Ownership cost usually includes depreciation, interest on investment, tax, shelter and insurance. For a comparison of tires, the difference in tax, shelter and insurance cost was thought to be negligible and was omitted. The capital recovery factor was used to estimate ownership cost because it accounts for both depreciation and return on investment.
To compute annual tire ownership cost; unit tire cost; fuel cost for radial and bias tires; labor cost for radial and bias tires; and total savings per hour and hours use required to break even, use the following equations:
Equations
Equation 1
| TOC = | TP(IR (1 + IR)n) (1 + IR)n - 1 |
TOC = Tire ownership cost ($)
TP = Tire purchase price ($)
IR = Annual interest rate (decimal)
n = Average service life (years)
Equation 2
| UTC = | TOC AU |
UTC = Unit cost (cost per hour)
AU = Annual tire use (hours per year)
Fuel cost for radial and bias tires may be computed using Equations 3 and 4.
Equation 3
FB = GPH x UFC
FB = Fuel cost for bias tires (cost per hour)
GPH = Fuel consumption for bias tires (gallons per hour)
UFC = Unit fuel cost (cost per hour)
Equation 4
FR = FB (1 - RF)
FR = Fuel cost for radial tires (cost per hour)
RF = Reduction in fuel consumption for radial tires (decimal)
Labor cost for radial and bias tires may be estimated as follows:
Equation 5
| LR= | LB__ 1 + IFC |
LR = Labor cost for radial tires (cost per hour)
LB = Labor cost for bias tires (the assumed hourly wage rate)
IFC = Increase in field capacity for radial tires (decimal)
Total savings per hour and hours required to break even are computed as follows:
Equation 6
NSH = (FB x FR) + (LB - LR) - (UTCR - UTCB)
NSH = Net savings per hour (cost per hour) for radials
UTCR = Unit ownership cost for radial tires (cost per hour)
UTCB = Unit ownership cost for bias tires (cost per hour)
Equation 7
| BE = | TPR - TPB NSH |
BE = Tire use required for radial cost to break even with bias cost (hours)
TPR = Tire purchase price for radial tires ($)
TPB = Tire purchase price for bias tires ($)
Example calculations
Assumed input data:
Tractor maximum PTO power = 150 hp
Tractor annual use = 625 hours
125 hours stationary (tires not used)
500 hours mobile (tires used)
Diesel fuel cost = $1 per gallon
Cost for 2 radial tires = $1,500
Cost for 2 bias tires = $1,000
Expected bias tire life = 2,500 hours (5 years)
Labor cost = $5.20 per hour
Increase in field capacity for radial tires = 10 percent
Expected increase in life for radial tires = 30 percent
Expected fuel saving for radial tires = 6 percent
Average interest rate = 9 percent
Fuel efficiency for tractors with bias tires = 14 hp-hours per gallon
Annual tire ownership cost (using Equation 1)
| TOCB = | 1000 (0.09(1 + 0.09)5 )
| = $257.09 per year |
| TOCR = | 1500 (0.09(1 + 0.09)5)
| = $385.64 per year |
Unit tire cost (using Equation 2)
| UTCB = | $257.09 per year 500 hours per year | = $0.51 per hour |
| UTCR = | $385.64 per year 500 hours per year | = $0.77 per hour |
Fuel cost (using Equations 3 and 4)
Fuel efficiency with bias tires (given) = 14 hp-hours per gallon
| Fuel consumption = | ____150 hp____ 14 hp-hours per gallon | = 10.71 gallons per hour |
FB = 10.71 gallons per hour x $1 per gallon = $10.71 per hour
FR = 10.71 (1 - 0.06) = $10.07 per hour
Labor cost (using Equation 5)
LB = $5.20 per hour
| LR | = | __LB__ 1 + IFC | = | __5.20__ 1 + 0.10 | = $4.72 per hour |
Total savings per hour (using Equation 6)
NSH = (10.71 - 10.07) + (5.20 - 4.72) + (0.77 + 0.51) = $0.86 per hour
Use required to break even (using Equation 7)
| BE = | 1500 - 1000 0.86 | = 581.39 hours |
| _____581.39 hours_____ 500 hours mobile use per year | = 1.16 years |
References
- B.F. Goodrich. 1981. Power saver radials — save eight ways and then some! B.F. Goodrich Tire Division, 500 S. Main St., Akron, Ohio.
- Bohnert, L.F. and T.D. Kenady. 1975. A comparative analysis of radial and bias R-1 drive tractor tires. SAE Paper number 751185.
- Forrest, P.J., I.F. Reed and G.V. Constantakis. 1962. Tractive characteristics of radial-ply tires. Transactions of the ASAE 5(2):108-115.
- Gee-Clough, D.M. McAllister and D.W. Evernden. 1977. "Tractive performance of tractor drive tires: A comparison of radial and cross-ply carcass construction." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 22:385-395.
- Hauck, D.D. and H.L. Kucera. 1983. Radial tractor tires. Cooperative Extension Service, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota.
- Hausz, F.C. and H. Akins. 1980. Optimizing tire/vehicle relationships for best field performance. SAE Paper number 801021.
- Hoffman, R. 1983. "Return of the traction tests." Farm Journal 107(11):18-21.
- Mumgaard, M. and N. Rudakov. 1975. Radial versus bias-ply tractor tire performance. University of Nebraska Tractor Testing, Lincoln, Nebraska.
- Ozkan, H.E. and A. Yahya. 1986. Radial tires — are they economical? Paper number 86-1025. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. St. Joseph, Michigan.
- Seleznev, I.I. and N.M. Kovalez. 1968. "Assessment of the operating characteristics of radial-ply tractor tires." Soviet Rubber Technology 28(3):1969-1970.
- Thaden, T.J. 1962. "Operating characteristics of radial-ply tractor tires." Transactions of the ASAE 5(2):109-110.