Turfgrasses begin spring root development as they come out of winter dormancy. If early spring rains keep soil profiles saturated near the surface, turfgrass plants have no reason to develop roots to a deeper level. Therefore, when conditions turn dry and warm, we begin to see wilting from a plant under stress with a limited root mass.
Eighty percent of the water used around a home during the summer is for outside uses. Watering the lawn is the main outside water use. The common questions we receive are, "When should I start irrigating my lawn and how much do I need to apply?"
Purple-blue wilting leaves, footprints that stay, and folded or rolled leaves are signs that lawns should be thoroughly watered if grasses are to remain green and actively growing.
Turf water use rates are high during sunny and windy days with low relative humidity. In situations where lawns are not watered and rainfall is limited, grasses first show symptoms of wilt and later turn completely brown.
When soil lacks moisture, grass blades first turn bluish-purple, indicating plant wilt.
Another early sign of insufficient water in the plant occurs when footprints remain in the lawn for several hours. Leaves with plenty of water quickly return to their rigid upright shape, while leaves lacking water will remain trampled for a period of time.
Leaves also may be folded or rolled lengthwise along the blade, indicating a lack of plant water.
If high temperatures and dry conditions continue without rain or irrigation, the above-ground portion of grasses will turn entirely brown. Grasses are said to be dormant during this browned-out stage, since the lower portion of the plant usually remains alive but not growing. Thorough watering will bring the lawn out of dormancy and new growth will resume from the belowground base of grass plants.
Even though grasses are dormant, watering restrictions that result in extended dry periods can cause large ground cracks, severe soil drying, and excessive loss of turf cover even when watering is resumed later in the summer or early fall.
Summer dormancy of grasses is a mechanism that helps a lawn survive, but it does not guarantee that a lawn will fully recover from the browned-out stage.
Dormant lawns should receive at least 1 inch of water every two or three weeks during summer to prevent complete turf loss. Grasses may not show a noticeable greening, but that amount of irrigation should be sufficient to hydrate the lower plant portions and increase the recovery once adequate moisture is available.
Automatic irrigation systems with pop-up sprinklers are often associated with excessive irrigation. This is not necessarily true, since properly designed and operated systems supply water uniformly over an entire area without wasted runoff.
Missouri soils generally have low water infiltration rates. Automatic controllers can be set to supply several short cycles so that the total amount of water desired is supplied without runoff.
The most common type of watering occurs with hose-end sprinklers. Some studies have shown that the average homeowner applies 2.5 times the amount of water that is required for turf growth when using hoseend sprinklers.
There are several types of hose-end sprinklers. Select one that best fits your size and shape of lawn and then operate it efficiently. All hose-end sprinklers can be attached to inexpensive timers that can be used to shut off unattended sprinklers and avoid over-irrigation.
Once you have decided on the best sprinkler for your size and shape of lawn, you must decide how long to operate a sprinkler in a certain location. This is best achieved by knowing how many inches of water your system puts out in a certain amount of time. To do this, place shallow, straight-sided containers (tuna cans work well) or rain gauges in a grid pattern around the sprinkler. Operate the sprinklers (use overlapping patterns where needed) for a given amount of time and measure the amount of water captured.
Measure the depth of water in the cans with a ruler or read directly from the rain gauges. Then use the following example to determine your water application rate in inches per hour. For example, a sprinkler operated for 30 minutes that delivers a quarter-inch of water has a delivery rate of one-half of an inch per hour.
An alternative approach would be to measure the area that your sprinkler pattern covers and the length of time it takes to fill a one-gallon container directly from the sprinkler. For example, a sprinkler that covers 235 square feet and takes 1 minute and 15 seconds to discharge one gallon of water has a delivery rate of onethird of an inch per hour.
In the above examples, sprinklers should be operated approximately three hours in each location throughout the week to supply one inch of irrigation water per week.
Most soils in Missouri will take in only about 1/4- to 1/2-inch of water per hour. If your sprinkler system delivers more than that amount, move it to a different location more frequently, after each time 1/4- to 1/2-inch of water has been applied. Repeat the process until the full amount of water desired has been applied.
Rotary sprinklers that are set to deliver a quarter or half sprinkler pattern will discharge four or two times the amount of water on a given area. Operate rotary sprinklers with half patterns for half the amount of time and sprinklers with quarter patterns for one-quarter the amount of time.
The utility water meter connected to your home can also be used to check how effectively water is being applied. It accurately measures water in cubic feet. When no other water is being used in the home, water a known area for a set amount of time and use these conversion factors to determine your water application rate. Some helpful facts to have are:
Once the decision has been made that a lawn has sufficiently wilted and irrigation is needed, supply enough water to last a week. Depending on the type of sprinkler and soil water infiltration rate, several sprinkler changes may be required over a two- or three-day period to supply the amount of water desired.
If no rainfall occurs, continue to irrigate on a weekly schedule. If rainfall occurs, delay the next irrigation until symptoms of wilt are present. Even though water application is discussed on a weekly basis, it is not crucial that water be applied every seven days. Keep the application schedule flexible and irrigate based on the determination of lawn wilting and soil moisture.
Use the following table to determine the amount of irrigation that will be needed for your lawn situation.
Table 1
Approximate lawn water requirements.
| Lawn type | Green Turf1 inches of water per week | Dormant Turf2 Turf inches of water per week |
| Kentucky bluegrass | 1.2 | 0.7 |
| Tall fescue | 0.8 | 0.5 |
| Zoysia or bermuda | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Buffalograss | 0.3 | 0.2 |
Once the decision has been made to irrigate, use the above recommendations to guide irrigation scheduling and how much water to supply. Should puddles or runoff occur before the total amount of water is applied, stop irrigating and resume only after the ground has absorbed the free moisture. Lawn areas that are moist, firm and have no visible water are ready for a repeat irrigation cycle. Areas that are soft and produce squashy footprints when walked on are not ready to receive additional irrigation.
A day after watering, check a few different locations in the yard to determine how well your irrigation program is distributing water in the root zone. With a shovel, cut a slender 2-inch wedge 6 to 8 inches deep. This wedge of soil, roots and turf can be replaced easily without damage to the lawn after inspection.
Estimate the moisture content at different depths in the soil profile by pressing together a golf-ball-sized amount of soil. If drops of water can be squeezed from the soil ball, you may be irrigating too much or too often. Soils that hold together without crumbling and appear moist have been irrigated properly. Soils that appear dry, dusty and do not form a ball when squeezed have not received enough irrigation or the water is running off the surface of the lawn and not into the root zone.
Adequate soil moisture at 6 to 8 inches deep is sufficient to maintain grasses during the summer. A foot-long slender screwdriver pushed into the ground in several locations can also give a quick assessment of the moisture condition of the soil. The screwdriver will easily penetrate to the soil depth, which has received sufficient water. The screwdriver test can also be used to help determine where and when there is a need for irrigation.
Updated 6/19/06
