Callaway County
 |
 |
Jarman's News Updated Weekly 1998
More Designer Crops December 23,1998
The current group of what could be called designer crops includes such things as the insect resistant Bt corn, cotton, potatoes, etc; high oil (for more food energy) corn and soybeans; herbicide resistant corn, soybeans, etc; and other crops with special proteins, oils and properties. The common thing that brings many of these crops under a single focus is they come from commercial sources. Even though these companies and corporations have to make money to exist, farmers (being the independent people they are) find some of the pricing and rules associated with these products upsetting. Some visions of designer commercial crops of the future may hold even more restrictions.
A ray of hope in this field (no pun intended) comes from the government. Just forget for a moment the old joke, "I'm from government, I'm here to help." The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) has been working on "designer crops" and "designer uses" for crops.
The substitution of petroleum based products with plant based products has give us soydiesel and soybean based degreasers. Now hydraulic fluid from crop oils is being tested. ARS researchers from their facility in Peoria, Illinois have synthesized the fatty acid estolides from a blend of soybean, sunflower, and safflower to produce a biodegradable hydraulic fluid. Caterpillar Incorporated is testing the prototype hydraulic fluid formulation at its Peoria headquarters. As with other plant based petroleum substitutes, the soy-sun-saff hydraulic fluid is more friendly to human users with respect to odor and personal contamination.
The Range and Pasture Research Station at Woodward, Oklahoma have transformed corn to reproduce asexually so the seed can be reproduced without pollination like soybeans. The new corn was produced using a gene from Eastern gamagrass for a trait called apomixis. Apomixis is an important term since the lines of corn having this trait will be called "Apomicitic corn". Scientists will have a tool to improve varieties to retain desired traits. Besides, farmers may have the advantage of being able to save seed. The new corn varieties developed with apomixis should display better resistance to cold and insects and more tolerance to drought and flooding.
Several research projects are concerned with food additives. ARS scientists have produced soybeans with higher levels of oleic acids that have been shown to lower cholesterol in some humans. This has gone into producing more healthful margarine salad dressings, and dessert products. The NuSun class of sunflowers produces three times more cholesterol lowering mid-oleic acid than standard types of sunflowers. Already, 100,000 acres of the new sunflowers were harvested in 1998. ARS scientists recently formulated product called Nu-Trim, containing a beta-glucan rich soluble gum found in oats and barley. It is the latest in a growing family of food additives called phytonutrients - plant based products designed to enhance the nutritional quality of foods. In this case, Nu-Trim can be substituted for more calorie rich food additives. It has a creamy-texture that replaces dairy products and coconut cream in baked goods, salad dressings, and sauces. The Food and Drug Administration recently allowed claims that beta glucans, at 3 grams per serving, to have health benefits such as lowering blood cholesterol in a low-fat diet. Finally, Albany, California ARS scientist are reprogramming genes in wheat to improve its milling and mixing qualities. Dough from this flour produces lighter breads and cookies with a lower fat content. Bakeries can use different baking conditions that lower costs while producing better tasting low fat products.
We do need to remember that these products were produced with tax money. Hopefully, we will not have to remind anyone that we supported the research and development.
Information was provided from USDA, ARS, Agricultural Research publication.
MU unveils pilot program for distance plant diagnosis December 15,1998
Many people living in Fulton and Callaway County bring various items to the Extension Center for identification. These commonly include insects, plants, trees, weeds, diseased plants and vegetables, and even snakes. Many samples can be identified at the Extension Center. The rest must be sent to the University of Missouri Diagnostic Clinic for positive identification. This takes about a week unless an involved procedure is involved in the diagnosis. Another common delay occurs during the growing season when the clinic is literally swamped with samples. One way to speed this process is to electronically send a picture of the sample. Not all questions can be answered this way, but it will aid in speeding many answers. The quicker a pest problem is identified, the better it can be controlled
The following is an article that outlines a program to further improve problem solving from University of Missouri Extension.
Missouri farmers and agricultural service providers may soon be able to send digital images instead of real plants for analysis at the University of Missouri-Columbia Extension Plant Diagnostic Clinic. The whole idea for distance diagnosis started several years ago to enhance the way extension specialists were trying to diagnose problems. Scott Killpack, one of the first users of distance diagnosis, and others gave a presentation at the MU Agricultural Chemicals Short Course in Columbia. These methods allow for quicker diagnoses of certain disease, insect, and weed problems.
Killpack, MU Extension agronomist from St. Charles County, came up with the idea when a farmer brought in a weed he could not identify. As he was cleaning and packaging the plant to ship it to the MU campus lab, he said to himself, this traditional way takes a lot of time. Then he thought, hey, this plant is flat. I can just scan it on a flatbed scanner and send off the image for a rapid diagnosis.
Stephen Martin, a computer programmer analyst with MU Commercial Agriculture, outlined "several expected outcomes" of distance diagnoses, including rapid response to manage plant health problems and a reduction in unnecessary or inappropriate pesticide applications. The quicker a pest problem is identified, the better it can be controlled. There is no more wasteful pesticide application than on weeds too big to kill, diseases that have already done their damage, or insects that are too large or that have left the crop.
There are three ways to submit digital images to the lab. One is e-mail, which is easily overloaded. Farmers can also work through their county extension agents as a second method, but a World Wide Web site is the third method where this type of diagnosis is headed. Laura Kabrick, Extension assistant with the diagnostic clinic, credited MU computer analyst John Travlos at the Agricultural Electronic Bulletin Board (AgEbb) for helping to advance this program by developing a Web site that will deliver this to the public. In some instances, digital images alone might not provide enough information, but even then, remote diagnosis can "speed and enhance the process. Looking at the image remotely may help us to determine the correct sample to be sent.
The clinic is setting up a pilot program with extension specialists throughout the state. If that works, some ag dealers will be included, then, hopefully, it can be made available for general public use. In the process, a database of common plant ailments and posted images at the site would show what is currently coming into the clinic.
Laura emphasized the importance of providing a context. Already, the clinic requires people who submit samples to fill out plant disease identification forms describing symptoms, distribution, site characteristics and other data. In addition, pictures should give some idea as to scale, and appearance to provide supplemental information aiding in the diagnosis."
It is relatively inexpensive to get set up. There are flatbed scanners now available for less than $100. Even though inexpensive scanners are slower than some of the upscale scanning equipment, they provide good images. Video cameras with a capture card or a Snappy can be employed, but digital cameras and flatbed scanners provide better resolution. Digital cameras are available for less than $300, although the better models might run closer to $800. All of these will provide images almost immediately for review before they are transmitted. The proper setting up, lighting and positioning are also very important for proper identification. During a demonstration, a flatbed scanner captured accurate images of items that were not flat, such as a medicine bottle and an ear of corn.
Most University of Missouri County Extension Centers already use flatbed scanners. A new program will provide digital cameras to many of the centers in the future. The Callaway MU Extension center has been using their flatbed scanner for weed, disease and insect images transmitted to the Diagnostic Clinic and for examples on their Web pages for almost a year. Sometime during 1999, the Callaway office should receive a digital camera. Digital cameras have a big advantage since they can be taken to the problem at a remote location. Also, a digital camera would have come in handy last week when a mushroom, too large to fit on the flatbed scanner, was brought into the Extension center for identification.
From an article by Forrest Rose, University of Missouri-Columbia Extension Information Specialist, (573) 882-6843, email RoseF@missouri.edu. Information was provided by Laura Kabrick, Extension Assistant in the Diagnostic Clinic, (573) 882-3019; Scott Killpack, Area Extension Agronomist, (314) 970-3000; Stephen D. Martin, MU - College Agriculture Food & Natural Resources Extension, computer programmer analyst, (573) 882-7650; and Jim Jarman, Area Extension Agronomist in Callaway County, (573) 642-0755, jarmanj@ext.missouri.edu. Many past articles and other information are available on the Callaway County Extension Center Web page at extension.missouri.edu/callaway.
Missouri's Purple Paint Statute: Protect Your Property From Trespassers and Protect Yourself From Becoming A Trespasser. December 2, 1998
During its 1993 legislative session, the Missouri legislature enacted a new statute pertaining to trespassing. The new law, the Purple Paint Statute (RSMO 569.145), provides yet another way for Missouri landowners to protect their property from trespassers. Landowners can still use "No Trespassing" signs, however the Purple Paint Statute allows landowners to mark trees or posts with purple paint as a warning to would-be trespassers. Just like a "No Trespassing" sign or actual communication to individuals that no trespassing is allowed, the purple paint marks are considered to be adequate notice to the public that no trespassing is allowed on the property.
Missouri's law is similar to one that has been used in Arkansas since 1989. These statutes were enacted to provide landowners with an economical and easy way to keep out unwanted trespassers. The law does not require that property marked with the purple paint also be fenced, thus it is an economical alternative for landowners who do not otherwise need to fence their property. Additionally, it prevents a problem encountered when using "No Trespassing" signs -- purple paint marks can't be taken down, destroyed, or stolen!
The Purple Paint Statute is not new anymore. Still, many people across the state do not seem to be aware that the statute exists. Regardless, the statute imputes notice to would-be trespassers. All land marked with purple paint in the manner proscribed by the statute is considered to be adequate notice to the public. It fulfills the same function as a "No Trespassing" sign, a fence, or telling someone not to come onto your property.
Under Missouri's law:
- Any owner or lessee of real property can post property with the purple paint marks.
- Purple paint marks must be placed on either trees or posts (the statute does not specifically allow the option of placing paint marks on buildings).
- Vertical paint lines must be at least 8 inches long (the statute does not mention a maximum length).
- The bottom edge of each paint mark must be between 3 feet and 5 feet off the ground.
- Paint marks must be readily visible to any person approaching the property.
- Purple paint marks cannot be more than 100 ft. apart.
The statute provides that any person trespassing onto property marked by purple paint can be found guilty of a first-degree trespassing charge. Any unauthorized entry onto property marked with the purple paint marks is considered a trespass. First-degree trespassing is a Class B Misdemeanor, with potential punishment of a maximum $500 fine and/or a maximum of 6 months in jail.
Other violations which would subject a trespasser to first-degree trespass are: (1) entering a property posted with "No Trespassing" signs; (2) refusing to leave property once told to do so; and (3) coming onto land fenced against intruders.
Landowners can purchase the purple boundary posting paint at hardware stores across the state. Several paint companies have formulated a latex semi-paste product for the specific purpose of marking property. The paint can be applied in its semi-paste form or sprayed once thinned.
CAUTION: Do not rely upon this information for legal advice. See an attorney for legal counseling tailored to your specific situation and needs.
By Deanne Hackman, Research Associate and Adjunct Instructor Social Science Unit, College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, University of Missouri – Columbia
For more information, contact the Callaway County MU Extension Center, (573) 642-0755.jarmanj@ext.missouri.edu
13.Hay, Hay, Hay, Its One of Those Weeks November 25, 1998
It has been another one of those weeks when everyone calling or coming by the Extension office has the same idea. This week they have had hay on the mind. Either someone wants hay or has hay for sale. Sure, just asking around has worked for years and still does. There are other options open in the electronic age. Even if you do not own a computer or are not connected, there are public access sites out and just about everyone has to know someone with a computer. So, it still may be just as easy as asking someone with the right "connections".
The Missouri Department of Agriculture and the University of Missouri-Columbia joined together and put a hay for sale list on the Agricultural Electronic Bulletin Board (AgEBB). AgEBB has kept its connections flexible to accommodate the largest audience. Almost any computer can gain access if it has a modem and basic communications software.
The hay listings include sellers names, cites, counties and phone numbers. Sellers can be listed by either region or forage type. Bale type is included such as small square, large square, small round, large round, baleage, or other. The number of bales can be listed and the approximate weight of each bale of hay, and if the hay has been analyzed for crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, relative feed value, and percent total digestible nutrients. A final area called comments is for notes that catches information such as "first cutting," or "don't call before 6 p.m."
TO LIST HAY YOU WISH TO BUY OR SELL: enter a new listing via the menu options on the AgEBB Hay Market Page, or call the Missouri Department of Agriculture's HAY HOTLINE at 1-800-877-4HAY, or visit or call your county extension office and have them list your hay. Each person has a "login" name and "password" to keep the information and ability to update their own. Hay listings are left on the AgEBB system for 60 days unless updated. If you have any questions or suggestions for the hay listings hotline, send an e-mail message to agebb@muccmail.missouri.edu or call (573) 882-4827.
There are some important meetings coming up in the next couple of months that may be of interest.
The Agriculture Chemicals Short Course, December 1 - 2 "Has Something For Everyone". The ACSC will be held at the Holiday Inn Select in Columbia. The program will feature 10 topics relating to crop production. Each participant has the opportunity to select 5 of these topics. Contact Jennifer Hartwick, MU Conference Office 344 Hearnes, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 or telephone (573) 882-8320.
Mid-Central Precision Agricultural Conference, "From Data to Decision", will be held on December 10 to 11, 1998 at the Civic Center, 100 North Fourth Street, St. Joseph, MO. For more information, contact the Precision Ag. Conference, 207 Agriculture Engineering, Columbia, MO 65211 or telephone (573) 882-2731, FAX (573) 882-5650.
Organic farming workshop set for Dec. 10 in Montgomery City. Central Missouri farmers, gardeners and other parties interested in organic farming should plan to attend a workshop scheduled for Dec. 10 at the Montgomery County Fairgrounds. For more information or to register for the conference, contact Montgomery County regional extension specialist Gary Hoette at the Montgomery County Extension Center, 211 E. Third St., Montgomery City, Mo., 63361; or call him at (573) 564-3733. Or, call Kelly at Missouri Alternatives Center. Her toll-free number is (800) 433-3704.
Central Missouri Irrigation Association Meeting on December 18, 1998 at the 4-H Center, Mexico, MO.
The Missouri Soybean Merchandising Council District Meeting will be held January 21st , 1999 in Auxvasse, MO.
The 75th Annual Callaway County Soils & Crops Conference will be held at the Callaway County Extension Center on January 28th , 1999.
The 74th Annual Audrain County Soils & Crops Conference will be held at the 4-H Center, Mexico MO on January 29th, 1999.
The 'Millennium bug' is topic for farmers at MU Computer Conference, Jan. 6-7, 1999. Computer users down on the farm who worry about their software going haywire on Jan. 1, 2000, plan to attend. That's when computer gurus will discuss the "Y2K" problem at the Computers on the Farm Conference at the University of Missouri-Columbia. For program information e-mail John Travlos at agebb@missouri.edu or call (573) 882-4827. To register call the MU Conference Office (573) 882-4087.
For more information on any of these local meetings, contact the Callaway County MU Extension Center, (573) 642-0755.jarmanj@ext.missouri.edu
12.Release of CRP land means instant organic certification November 18,1998
Missouri farmers whose land is being released from the federal Conservation Reserve Program have an opportunity to take immediate advantage of the fast growing market for organic crops, produce and livestock. To qualify for an organic farming certification, the land must not have had non-organic pesticides or fertilizers applied for three years. Very few farmers are willing to take land out of production for the three-year transition period. CRP land is a perfect entryway into organics because there's no doubt it hasn't had chemicals on it for years, either nutrients or pesticides. There us a set of official government documents that says this is what's happened on this land over the last 10 years.
The Missouri Alternatives Center (MAC) on the MU campus noted the combination of land being released from CRP and the fast growing demand for specialty foods means the time is right for organics. All you have to do is look at the viable markets to see organic farming needs to be taken seriously. MAC, Extension, and the Missouri Department of Agriculture have promoted marketing value added agricultural products. Often, the switch to value added products required a significant amount of beginning capital. Producing organic products from CRP land should be a relatively cheap conversion.
Curtis Bennett, of Mexico, Mo., is past certification chairman of the Organic Crop Improvement Association. He said that about 75 percent of our membership is due to the release of CRP land because of not having to go through that 36-month transition to get certified. Depending on yields organic soybean farmers are now getting $400 to $600 per acre and that is more than double conventional soybeans. The price is always at least going to be double conventional soybeans, which are now fetching between $5 and $5.50 per bushel. It's not unusual to get three or four times as much for organic beans. Farmers getting double the per acre returns may find it easier to make the organic transition on more productive cropland.
Farmers are concerned about planting on CRP land because it is often highly erodable. It has been in grass and weeds for 10 years, and herbicides can not be used to kill the grass. Tillage is the answer, but it creates unstable, erodable soil. Grass waterways, contour strips and other conservation practices can solve most of the problems. It is more than just resurrecting farming practices of 50 to 60 years ago. We must conserve the soil.
What happens next year if we plow up the groundcover, grow organic soybeans, harvest, and then the land is bare. We could go to soybeans next year, but the risk of weeds is high. Should we put a cover crop in, or go into corn? There are a lot of practical questions about appropriate cropping practices.
At the same time there are new tools like better drills to help establish cover crops, and better cultivators for row crops. Also, there are a wider variety of cover crops available than there used to be. It is not the most productive land that was put into CRP in the first place. But you can get pretty good production for a couple of years, or longer if you really take care of it.
The move to organics is a market issue. Missouri farmers get a better dollar for their product. The interesting thing is how CRP is driving this. Organic production has become more popular across the country during the 1990s, but it's just starting to take off in Missouri. This is the Show-me State. Iowa, for example, has far more acres in organic production. Although, only a few Missouri farmers have taken that step, a lot of people are interested. There's more serious interest now than there ever has been because of the current market. A $15 hog just isn't going to get it, nor is corn at $1.80. If there are markets out there calling for organics, and we have a distressed farm community, we need to take a close look.
Sources contributing to this article are: Gary Hoette, Extension Agronomist in Montgomery County (573) 564-3733; Debi Kelly, project manager of Missouri Alternatives Center (573) 882- 1905; Curtis Bennett, Organic Crop Improvement Association (573) 581-5049; Judy Grundler, Plant Industries Program Coordinator with the Missouri Department of Agriculture (573) 526-0837 and Jim Jarman, Extension Agronomist in Callaway County (573) 642-0755.jarmanj@ext.missouri.edu
11. Herbicide Resistant Corn November 11, 1998
When something is successful, there are usually other attempts to repeat that success in other areas. Roundup Ready® soybeans, as a herbicide tolerant crop, have shown that kind of success. There are other crops that have been genetically engineered to resist broad spectrum, post emergence herbicide applications. Of these crops, corn is the one that has the potential to capture a significant market share in much of Missouri.
Last year was the first time herbicide tolerant corn was available. This year two companies are offering hybrids. Two herbicides, Liberty® and Roundup®, tolerant corn hybrids, known as Liberty Link® and Roundup Ready® have been cleared for planting this coming season. There should be sufficient supplies for most farmers to at least get a look at these corn hybrids. It is time for evaluation. Will herbicide resistant corn fit into your current or future cropping systems? There are advantages to applying a single broad-spectrum weed killer to corn as well as soybeans just after the planting rush is over.
There are a number of considerations. Let's look at the basic differences between herbicide tolerant soybeans and corn: (1. Soybeans are typically planted later than corn allowing more problem weeds to emerge and emerge faster, (2. Soybeans can tolerate 4 to 6 weeks of weed competition while corn is more susceptible to early season competition, (3. soybeans form a more complete canopy of leaves than corn and can be planted in narrow rows or drilled giving faster canopying to shade weeds, (4. young soybeans are more resilient than corn to damage occurring during post emergence herbicide applications, (5. Soybeans a are shorter crop than corn allowing more typical farm application machinery across fields instead of having to use aerial or highboy application, (6. Herbicide resistant soybeans should be less likely than corn to need additional residual herbicides to completely control weeds. Still, herbicide resistant corn is a viable crop with management opportunities similar to herbicide resistant soybeans that can aid with farming operations. It will be the farmers themselves who will make the final decision weather herbicide resistant corn will be as popular.
Another consideration in this type of weed control system is herbicide resistant weeds. The application of the same or similar herbicides to the two main rotated crops should be an easy way to create herbicide resistant weeds. Here are some suggestion that could help avoid herbicide resistant weeds. Go into the fields to Scout for the weed species, coverage and growth stage occurring. Evaluate the economics to justify a herbicide application not just its convenience. Consider alternatives to reduce use or make the herbicide applications more effective such as adjusting tillage practices, advancing or delaying planting and changing rotations. Remain flexible in herbicide usage in relation to varying mode of action, mixtures, chemical families, and application timing. Finally, scout fields after herbicide applications and harvest to check on herbicide effectiveness, weeds that escaped, and any new species.
For more information, contact your local University of Missouri MU Extension Center. The 1998 Missouri Corn Crop Performance book is now available at the Callaway County Extension Center. Unfortunately, supplies are limited. jarmanj@ext.missouri.edu
10. Sometimes Your Friends Are Too Friendly. November 4, 1998
There are times when telephone calls come into our office by the dozens. When those calls are all on the same subject, it may be time to write a news article. Unfortunately, last weeks pumpkin article was already researched and written. The subject of all those phone calls was small, yellow to red insects massing on exterior walls or coming into houses. It's the multicolored Asian lady beetle. There are several common names attributed to this insect such as the Halloween or pumpkin lady beetle (from the time of year it swarms and its color), the Japanese lady beetle (from its country of origin), and simply the Asian lady beetle. Besides the color differences, they may have from zero to 19 spots.
The multicolored Asian lady beetle is a beneficial insect. It eats various soft-bodied pest insects such as aphids, scales, adelgids, and psyllids. In Asia, it was primarily a predator of tree infesting pests. The USDA studied it as a bio-control agent against tree and other pests. Releases from Japan were made in California during 1916, 1964, and 1965 and in a dozen eastern and southeastern states in 1978-1982 and 1985 without apparent success. Suddenly, it was seen on the move from the southern U.S. Sometime during 1992 or 1993 the multicolored Asian lady beetle arrived in Missouri. The first records of it moving into houses came during the fall of 1993. In Japan, the multicolored
Asian lady beetle overwinters in caves. Our homes must be much more inviting than the caves of Japan.
Each multicolored Asian lady beetle larva eats from 600 to 1,200 aphids before becoming an adult. An adult eats 90 to 270 aphids per day. So, each multicolored Asian lady beetle, trying to get into a house, is probably responsible for feeding on thousands of aphids and other soft bodied pests. In the U.S., multicolored Asian lady beetles are known to prey on pests of maple, walnut, willow, rose, and a wide variety of other ornamentals and agricultural crops. Adults are known to live for 2 to 3 years.
There are several insects known to be a nuisance from their fall habit of using our homes for overwintering sites. Most of these pests are well known. There are boxelder bugs, paper wasps, several different small weevils and clover mites in this group. Their common characteristic is they overwinter as adults. Cool temperatures in fall signal them to begin looking for a favorable spot to hibernate till spring. Depending on the season, none, one or several of these nuisance insects may invade our homes in the fall.
The use of pesticides to control multicolored Asian lady beetle should be avoided if possible. Even if today's swarm is sprayed and killed, additional swarms may continue until temperatures remain cold. The best control is excluding them. The entry of numerous nuisance insects into a home signals the need for caulking and sealing of cracks, crevices, siding, and openings around utility pipes, doors and windows. If multicolored Asian lady beetles can get in, so can those cold winter winds. Use a broom or vacuum cleaner to gather the beetles and release them outside. Try not alarming them during the clean up. Multicolored Asian lady beetle may discharge a yellow defensive fluid when alarmed that may stain, and has an unpleasant earthy odor.
Many thanks to Ben Puttler and Darryl Sanders of the University of Missouri's Entomology Department and to numerous web pages from across the U.S. for information on the multicoloredAsian lady beetle.
For more information on Asian lady beetles and their control,contact your local Extension Center. Jim Jarman 573-642-0755, or e-mail jarmanj@ext.missouri.edu
9. THE STORY ABOUT JACK (O-Lantern) October 28, 1998
Jack, as the legend has it, outsmarted Satan a couple of times. When Jack died he had not been good enough to go to heaven and Satan did not want him either. Really, if you are Satan, you do not want someone smarter around. Jack had to wander the world with no other place to go. His only help came from Satan giving him a glowing coal (from you know where) to carry in a hollowed out turnip. This turnip was Jack’s lantern. It is hard to really trace the true origin of a turnip lantern being used to ward off spirits. It is attributed to the Celts living in Britain and northern France, the Irish who claim Jack, and the Scots. Wherever it came from, carved turnips with candles in them were the original Jack-O-Lanterns. Gradually, a face appeared to aid in scaring off spirits. The custom of carving turnips was set at the end of October when it was believed dead souls visited the earth.
At about the eighth century, the Christian church set November 1st as All Saints’ Day, known as Allhallowmas. Gradually, the two observances combined with October 31st called Allhallows Eve eventually becoming Halloween.
When these peoples came to this country, those colonists continued their customs. Someone, somewhere at sometime began using pumpkins as substitute Jack-O-Lanterns. Pumpkins are plants native to the Americas. They are larger and more easily hollowed out than turnips. Slowly, a new tradition was established, an American tradition. Best of all, Halloween is now a joyous observance with the carved pumpkin Jack-O-Lantern as its most common and easily recognizable symbol.
The pumpkin diversity gives the once-a-year artisan ample opportunities to exercise their talents. The sizes can range from thousand plus pound record holders to palm sized varieties like the ornamental Jack-Be-Little. Most pumpkins come in some hue of orange. White pumpkin varieties like Lumina and Little-Boo or the small, brownish tinted Baby Bear pumpkins add to the mix of shapes and sizes.
Looking back in the season, Halloween pumpkins were likely planted in June when the soil is warm and the expected maturing date is just late enough. Popular varieties include the old favorite Connecticut Field and Howden, Jack-O-Lantern, and Autumn Gold. Gardeners with little space should consider a bush variety such as Bush Spirit that produces about a 10-pound pumpkin. Generally, pumpkins should be harvested as soon as they are mature and put into dry storage at about 50 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Freezing temperatures should be avoided in storage and during periods of display.
When selecting from commercial sources, choose pumpkins formed to your liking, firm, free of disease and injuries. Recent improvements in the art of carving have provided additional fun. Saws have replaced knives as the tool of choice making carving more artistic, easier and safer. Electric lights, either battery or plug in, have also made lighting the faces or scenes safer. Still, for the traditionalists, a votive candle/container combination provides wind resistance and relative safety if care is taken. The cap or top on the Jack-O-Lantern should have a vent hole for those with candles. Caps are easier to refit if they are cut in a pentagon, irregular shape, or have a lump at the back. Once a pumpkin is cut, disease may work quickly to rot the Jack-O-Lantern. Watch cut pumpkins closely to avoid having to dispose of mush. Painting the faces or scenes will allow the pumpkins to last much longer.
Pumpkins not carved for Halloween make attractive decorations for fall displays. They can be used for a long time if they are injury and disease free and kept from freezing temperatures. All pumpkins are edible, although some are especially bred for use in cooking like the New England Pie and Small Sugar. Their seeds are also edible and can be roasted in the oven. A versatile variety called Triple Treat is said to have better tasting seeds as well as being suitable for carving and pies. The most recent development is a small pumpkin variety with hull-less seeds that will puff like popcorn when heated. It is not generally available but is something to look for in the future.
This article and additional information is available on the Callaway County Extension web page, http://extension.missouri.edu/callaway or at the Callaway County Extension Center. (Jim Jarman, 573-642-0755, jarmanj@ext.missouri.edu)
8. Missouri’s Next Noxious Weed? October 21,1998
The Missouri State Weed Law contains several plants it calls noxious weeds. As used in sections of this law, the term "noxious weed" officially includes bindweed, Johnson grass, multiflora rose (except when cultivated for or used as understock for cultivated roses), Canada thistle, musk thistle, Scotch thistle, purple loosestrife, and any other weed designated as noxious by rules and regulations promulgated by the director of the Missouri Department of Agriculture.
When I began working for the Integrated Pest Management program at the University of Missouri, a coworker, Bill Dierker contributed to updates of county location information on plants around Missouri. As the IPM weed specialist, he was especially interested in plants he considered might become problem weeds. Cut-leafed teasel was one of these plants.
Common teasel was brought to this country to comb the fibers, like wool and cotton, before spinning. Both teasels, especially the seedheads, are stiff when dried. Common teasel was the predominate plant, but cut-leafed teasel seed was evidently also introduced. Cut-leafed teasel may have gotten help in its spread and increase in flower arrangements. Its unusual seed heads and stiffness when dry, make it a popular addition to dry and fresh flower arrangements. Once established in an area, its aggressive nature can quickly allows it to take over a site.
Large infestations of but cut-leafed teasel can be seen along interstates and other right-of-ways in Missouri. In other states like Illinois, cut-leafed teasel has begun to invade prairies, meadows and other similar habitats. It is adapted to sunny locations but can thrive in dry to wet situations. This teasel has the potential to spread into a wide variety of natural and cultivated sites.
Cut-leafed and common teasels are generally considered to be biennials. Although, they can complete a life cycle during one season. Teasels start as a low growing stage called a rosette. During the rosette stage it grows a taproot that may be up to 2 feet in length. If they sprout early enough in the season, a central stalk emerges that may reach 6 to 7 feet tall. Cut-leafed teasel blooms from July through September with white flowers. Common teasel is easily separated with their purple to pink blooms occurring from June to October. Flowering of both species may be extended if the plants are cut down before the first blooms mature. The flowers are densely packed into an oval or egg shaped head with long, slender spines extending from its base. The stalks are strong and covered with spines.
The greatest problem comes from its aggressive nature. Its rosettes crowd out native and established vegetation. Once cut-leafed teasel is established in an area, it can quickly form large patches. Such patches will present problems in pastures, ditch banks, roadsides, railroad right-of-ways, and natural areas.
For more information on cut-leafed teasel and its control,contact your local Extension Center. Jim Jarman 573-642-0755, or e-mail jarmanj@ext.missouri.edu
7.It’s The Time To Think About Soybean Cyst Nematode Sampling October 07,1998
Sudden death syndrome (SDS) in soybeans was such a big issue this season, it is now time to reflect on its causes. A number of these causes deal with management issues such as rotation, soil compaction, variety selection, and planting date. Another cause is soybean cyst nematode (SCN). Now that many of the SDS fields have been harvested or are about to be harvested, it is the time for nematode sampling.
The University of Missouri recommends that fields are sampled for soybean cyst nematode (SCN) after harvest but before soybeans are planted the next spring. Also it is suggested that SCN susceptible soybeans be planted in infested fields only once every three times that soybeans are planted, and only if the SCN egg count is below the damage threshold of 500 eggs per cup of soil.
If soil sampling for nematodes is to provide meaningful results, the soil sample must be representative of the entire area to be tested. Proper collection of samples is extremely important since your are sampling for a something that is alive. The samples should be taken when the soil is moist. Collect one pint of soil for each sample. When possible, sample directly in the root zone from the top 8 inches of soil. One sample should not represent more than 40 acres. For a more representative sample, especially from precision agriculture and large fields, divide fields into smaller sampling areas of 10 acres, collect and combine soil from 20 sites within each area, and submit one pint sample from each area. Care of samples is essential after collection since nematodes are sensitive to heat and drying out.
If no eggs are detected, a SCN susceptible soybean may be planted. Still, the field should be sampled periodically for SCN to prevent yield loss during following years. Be sure to monitor areas of fields where SCN is likely to be introduced - field entrances, areas that flood or places where waterfowl congregate.
If any eggs are detected the field should be planted in non-host crops such as alfalfa, barley, canola, clover (red, white, or ladino), corn, cotton, forage grasses, oats, rye, sorghum, tobacco, wheat or SCN resistant soybean varieties. Sources of resistance in soybeans should be rotated. Then the SCN-resistant soybeans should be planted in a rotation with non-host crops. Yield losses can occur even if resistant varieties are planted when egg population densities are high. Other plant stresses such as drought, other diseases, or low fertility will make SCN-induced symptoms (including yield loss) more pronounced.
If egg counts increase over several years of sampling and SCN resistant soybeans have not been grown, start rotating non-host crops with SCN-resistant soybean varieties, and increase the years of non-host crops in the rotation. If SCN resistant soybeans have been grown for a number of years, a race test is suggested.
The nematode sample should be taken to your local Extension Center or sent with completed nematode sample form to: 108 Waters Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Tests for SCN are: soybean cyst nematode egg count - $12/sample; plant parasitic nematode identification - $20/sample; race determination test - $50; and other tests are available upon request.
Two useful sources for disease information from the University of Missouri can be found on the Internet at http://www.missouri.edu/~moipm/prripm.html (Phytophthora- and SDS-resistance) and at http://www.psu.missouri.edu/plantpath/soybean/sscnr.html (soybean cyst nematode). For more information on SCN or nematode sampling contact Patricia Donald, Assistant Professor - MU - Plant Sciences Extension at 573-882-2716 pdonald@psu.missouri.edu or your local Extension Center. Jim Jarman 573-642-0755, or e-mail jarmanj@ext.missouri.edu
6. Late-season yield robbers' vex state soybean farmers September 30,1998
Missouri soybean producers, 1998 has been marked by one of the most severe combinations of disease epidemics in recent memory. Anyone can drive anywhere in Missouri to observe the uneven maturity in soybean fields and surmise that the combinations of host; pathogens and weather have taken their toll on yield. Although the 1998 Sudden Death Syndrome (SDS) epidemic was the worst the Midwest soybean belt has seen, other late-season diseases and even localized spider mite infestations that developed in August and early September contributed to yield reductions in some areas.
Areas that missed the rains in late August and early September were hard-hit by charcoal rot and soybean cyst nematode (SCN). SCN infection often does not cause primary aboveground symptoms, but this year stunting and yellowing resulting from SCN and late-season moisture stress were common." Cercospora blight and frogeye leaf spot, two late-season foliar diseases, were also reported. Plants in fields most severely affected by Cercospora blight developed circular lesions on pods directly over the developing soybean, resulting in a small, shriveled seed. The disease is reported to be more severe in early-maturing cultivators. This year, frogeye leaf spot was more frequently seen than ever before in the soybean areas of northern Missouri. Entire fields were diagnosed with this disease in Callaway County.
Soybean farmers can only avoid these late-season yield robbers, SCN and SDS, with resistant varieties. Commercial SCN-resistant varieties have proven durable and highly effective for the past 20 years. But farmers must choose carefully in selecting varieties with resistance to sudden death syndrome. Company ratings may not be entirely reliable unless those varieties have been screened through the Southern Illinois University program.
Farmers with severe SDS problems should inquire into the genetic background and ask whether 'Forest' or 'Ripley' were parent materials. These varieties are sources for genetic resistance to SDS. Conversely, certain varieties are particularly vulnerable to the disease and should be avoided. Although charcoal rot is difficult to control through variety selection alone, some tolerant varieties do \exist. Farmers should consider planting these tolerant varieties, but only if SCN and SDS are not a concern. Both SCN-resistant and SDS-resistant varieties can be very susceptible to charcoal rot and vice versa. Farmers should ask their seed company's breeder about which varieties are most suited to their circumstances. The standard corn/soybean rotation has not been effective in controlling most late-soybean diseases, but crop rotation is clearly preferable to continuous soybean production. Careful consideration into longer rotations should be made if soybean diseases have been a contributing factor to lower yields.
It also may be the time to consider other factors. Many diseases may not be nearly as severe if some soybean stresses are removed. Look at the soil pH, fertility, use of seed treatments, and later planting dates. The pH and fertility are things to think about as soon as the crop is removed from the field. If limestone is needed to adjust the pH, it should be applied as soon as possible. This gives it the maximum time to reduce acid soil conditions before next years crop. Proper plant nutrition helps the crop resist the effects of attacking disease organisms. Seed treatments, especially if the seeds are from the bin, will go a long way into preventing those early season diseases. Then, planting into warmer soils will also help with early season seedling diseases and allow the plants to emerge and grow quickly. George Smith, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Program Coordinator, (573) 882-4314
For more information contact your local University of Missouri County MU Extension Center (Jim Jarman, Agronomy Specialist) at 573-642-0755.jarmanj@ext.missouri.edu
5. Casady’s Compaction Quotient or Harvest and the Other Half of Your Soil September 22, 1998
Soil – A Solid, a Liquid, or a Gas? An ideal soil is only 50% solids. The other half consists of pore spaces, which, like a drainage tile, allows air and water to move freely in the soil. Pore spaces are an important ingredient to a productive soil because they also act as a reservoir for water, which is available to the plant during periods of dry weather. Pore spaces also give roots somewhere to move the soil as they grow. Only Buildings Grow on a Good Foundation – They're building a new facility right outside my window this year. I'm pouring concrete this weekend. They... and I... have something in common. We both want to create a good foundation. Here's how.
Pulverize the soil into fine particles – preferably with a disk. Combine water and pulverized soil particles and press firmly with another tillage operation or with heavy tractors, combines, trucks, or grain carts. Heavy axle loads will produce long-lasting effects in the lower soil profile. Disking repeatedly at approximately the same depth will cause a shallow compaction layer. Just what you do not need in a field!
Compaction is to Traction what Pore Space is to Root Growth. Compacted soils are excellent for providing traction but poor for supporting root growth. Roots that reach a compacted layer in the soil often turn suddenly and grow horizontally as if they have hit a layer of concrete.
Tillage compaction from repeated disking may be only a few inches from the surface so plants are essentially restricted to only a few inches of topsoil. At the peak of the growing season the moisture in those few inches of topsoil just doesn't last long. In dry weather the effects of compaction really stand out.
When worked at the same time as the rest of the field, low-lying areas are more easily compacted, and that compaction reduces water infiltration. Reduced water infiltration causes these areas to remain wetter than ever... and the cycle continues.
Harvesting – Take a Load Off. As harvest approaches keep in mind that heavy combines cause compaction. A wet fall can be worse than a wet spring in terms of causing localized areas of deep compaction. Grain carts are among the heaviest equipment that ever enters the field. It's best to keep grain carts and trucks out of the field if at all possible.
Trucks aren't equipped with tires adequate to support a load without damaging the other 50% of the soil and grain carts can weigh up to 40 tons; the large tires on grain carts only partially compensate for the enormous weight of grain. If you have to come to the combine, confine compaction to a permanent traffic lane. Unload the combine frequently and set up all equipment on the same wheel spacing to minimize the compacted area.
If You Till... Use shank-type tools, such as chisel plows and cultivators and till when the soil is dry. Repeated disking at the same depth may break the soil down into fine particles that make a good seedbed, but pulverized soil is also easier to compact, especially when the soil is wet.
The Water-Compaction Cycle. Moisture in the soil acts like a lubricant allowing soil particles to move freely against each other. Even light pressure on wet soils can cause compaction. Low-lying areas are always more susceptible because they stay wetter.
How Good are Your Pore Spaces? At the beginning of this article you probably accepted the premise that an ideal soil consists of 50% pore spaces.
How good are your pore spaces? Will you have pore spaces or poor spaces in which to grow your next crop? (Bill Casady, 573-882-2731) . This article and additional information is available on the Callaway County Extension web page, http://extension.missouri.edu/callaway or at the Callaway County Extension Center. (Jim Jarman, 573-642-0755, jarmanj@ext.missouri.edu)
4. Are They Thing-A-Mabobs or Doohickeys September 15, 1998
Fly control on livestock was made easy and efficient with the introduction of modern insecticides. Although, controlling pesky flies can be made more efficient, organic or even fun by using other approaches. Among the other approaches are two interesting contraptions. They are the "Walk Through Trap" and the "Manitoba-Style Fly Trap". People who have worked with them like to call them "Uncle Billy’s Fly Trap" and "The Black Ball Trap".
Like most animals, flies have certain instincts that can be used against them. They like to move toward the light. That is the reason flies are found on windows and screens trying to get out of a house or building by moving toward the light outside. Also, most insects will fly up, away from the ground, when disturbed or just fly off. An interesting behavior of horse flies is their attraction to black round objects about 16 to 20 inches in diameter.
Just before World War II, Willis Bruce, a USDA researcher, was working on a mechanical flytrap. Its development stopped with the beginning of the war. After the war, the newly developed insecticides overshadowed further flytrap development or research. Recent interest in making insect control more efficient, less dependent on pesticides, and insecticide resistant flies renewed the interest in this contraption. The walk-through flytrap is essentially a long box with carpet strips at either end, to exclude light and knock the flies off the cattle’s’ back. There are window screen traps mounted on the sides. The flies are knocked off and fly toward the light coming through the screens. They are trapped between two sets of screens. The inside screens are shaped to herd the flies to small holes and the outside screen keep the trapped flies in the trap away from the cattle. It works like a big, open-air minnow trap.
Research at the University of Missouri’s Wurdack Farm showed the traps were not as efficient as insecticides but would reduce fly number below injury thresholds. Also, the walk-through flytrap was most efficient if placed where the cattle have to walk to get water, other pasture or shelter. One problem encountered during the research was keeping the bull out of the fly free shade inside the trap. Once introduced and trained, cattle willingly walk through the trap to remove horn flies. Information and plans on this trap are available in the MU Guide Sheet 1195.Not as efficient but easier to build is the Manitoba or black ball horse fly trap. It is essentially a pyramid shaped tent raised about three feet off the ground with a large, black beach ball hanging underneath. For some reason, horse flies are attracted to a large, black ball. Once they discover the ball is not a source of food, they fly up and away. They are caught within the tent and continue to crawl or fly upwards. At the top is a plastic jar that looks and acts like a minnow trap to capture the horse flies. Black ball traps are very durable so they must be protected within or placed just outside pastures or corral. Several may be needed to significantly reduce biting. More information and plans for this trap are available from the MU Guide Sheet 7013.
Recognition needs to be given to Drs. Robert Hall and Darryl Sanders from the University of Missouri Entomology Department for their Guide Sheets, and former Extension Entomologists Jim Huggans and Gene Munson, and Agronomy Specialist David Lindell for their research into these fly catching contraptions. This article and additional information is available on the Callaway County Extension web page, http://extension.missouri.edu/callaway or at the Callaway County Extension Center. (Jim Jarman, 573-642-0755, jarmanj@ext.missouri.edu)
3. Mites Among Us (September 1, 1998)
Not all the yellowing soybeans may be affected by sudden death syndrome(SDS). A few fields in central Missouri have infestations of spider mites. Typically, this damage is seen as the upper leaves showing a lighter than normal color. If inspected closely, a pattern of very small light or white dots on the leaf gives the light color pattern. This light color pattern is called stippling. The mites are found on the under sides of the leaves. Damage to leaves on mature plants may be seen as yellowing. Look for yellowing or browning spots in the fields. These spots or areas may follow poorer or drier area in a field. Infested fields can be easily blamed on lack of water, poor soils, or uneven maturity.
Spider mites are very small relatives of spiders. They are plant feeding pests. Since they are so small, proper identification can be a problem. The yellowing or light color of soybean leaves can easily be blamed on disease. There are several methods for checking on spider mites. Look at the undersides of the yellowed or stippled soybean leaves. A magnifier will probably be necessary to see the mites, their eggs and webs - Yes, webs. One reason these mites are called spider mites are they spin a web for protection and to help them get around on the leaves. Another quick method is to shake the leaves over a piece of white paper. If any of the little specks of dirt move, they are spider mites not dirt. Spider mites multiply very rapidly under ideal conditions due to their very short life cycle.
This really is not the year I would have expected spider mites to damage soybeans. Spider mites are more typically a dry weather pest. Last year was more typical of the weather conditions needed to promote the growth of large infestations. Since the spider mite is so small, weather such as rains, high humidity, and lower summer temperatures, limit their numbers. Generally, the summer was relatively wet up to the end of July. We are lucky in a way since the spider mite favorable weather only began near the end of the season. Most of the infected fields have been close to maturity. The injury or loss of leaves will cause little loss of yield in early planted or maturing soybeans. It is the later planted, blooming soybeans, that will be more affected. The time to check your fields is NOW!
Now for some good news. Rain is probably the best cure for a spider mite infested field. It washes the mites off the leaves. The water and higher humidity will promote diseases among the mites. A good, heavy rainstorm can cure a spider mite problem literally over night. A new feature is the publishing of these articles on the Callaway County MU Extension Web Page.
(http:\\extension.missouri.edu\callaway\agric.html) For more information on spider mites or other late season pests, contact your local University of Missouri County MU Extension Center. (Jim Jarman, Agronomy Specialist) jarmanj@ext.missouri.edu.
2. Important Agricultural Events (August 25,1998)
I need to spread the word about the upcoming events such as the Small Farm Hearings to be held around Missouri and Agriculture Experiment Station field days.
A ten-member committee of the Missouri House of Representatives and Senate is holding hearings around the state in September to find out how to help small farms survive and thrive. This is a chance for small-scale farmers and people living in rural communities to tell Missouri legislators how to best support small farms, family farms and sustainable agriculture programs. It is important that farmers, Small Farm Family Education Assistants, and members of rural communities are at these meetings to make their voices heard. When decisions are being made about small farms, there are groups and organizations out there speaking for farmers. Some times, even with the best of intentions, these people may not touch on all the issues you may feel are important. This is a rare opportunity for farmers to speak for themselves and let the Missouri legislators know what they need. Small farmers can have an impact on public policy! Please pass the word out to other small farmers and farm families you know. The hearing will be held at the following times and locations.
September 1 6:00 p.m. in Dexter at the High School
September 9 1:00 p.m. in Savannah at the Class B Community Center
September 22 6:30 p.m. in Macon at Union Miners Hall
September 29 1:00 p.m. in Jefferson City at the State Capital Building
If anyone is interested in getting their names on the agenda to testify at the Small Farm Hearings, they can call Betty Robinson (573-751-7852) or Barb Shimmens (573-751-3750) . For additional information on the hearings, contact Joan Benjamin, Sustainable Agriculture Program Manager or Debi Kelly at the MO Alternatives Center (573-882-1905)
The annual Agriculture Experiment Station field day season has begun. These field days are an important way the University of Missouri shares results from its research with significant client groups such as youth, producers, consumers and supporters. Based on recent years, nearly 10,000 people will visit one or more of the out-state Experiment Stations field days. "This is a great opportunity to showcase the excellent people and programs of the College (of Agriculture and Natural Resources)," Roger Mitchell.
August 27 Greenley Memorial Center, Novelty
September 2 Delta Center, Portageville
September 10 Hundley-Whaley Farm, Albany
September 10 Southwest Center FFA Field Day, Mt. Vernon
September 11-12 Southwest Center, Mt Vernon
September 18 Wurdack Farm, Cook Station
For more information contact Jim Jarman, jarmanj@ext.missouri.edu, 573-642-0755 Callaway County Extension Center.
1.Sudden Death In Soybeans (August 28,1998)
Just as the soybean crop was looking really good for several northern Callaway and southern Audrain County growers, sudden death syndrome (SDS) struck. Last year this disease seem to be more severe and common in bottom land and irrigated fields. This year upland fields are being affected. Also, essentially every field has been irrigated this year with the frequent rains.
Symptoms for identifying this disease are: (1) interveinal yellowing that turns brown, (2) affected leaf drop leaving the petioles, (3) infected plants may wilt and die prematurely, and (4) the roots of infected plants will be discolored (light brown to light gray) except for the pith which will remain white. The disease organism causing SDS is a strain of Fusarium solani. Soybeans are infected early and the disease grows along with the crop. When the plants are stressed, the symptoms of SDS appear. The fields where SDS is most likely to occur are those with: (1) soybean cyst nematode (SCN), (2) compacted fields, (3) poor drainage, (4) fields planted when it was cool and wet, (5) fields under continuous cropping of soybeans, and (6) fields planted to SDS susceptible soybeans.
Estimations of yield losses may be difficult to determine until harvest. The whole field may not be affected. The early symptoms may be seen before the soybeans reach the reproductive stage but not cause plant death until much later. If the defoliation is serious at the beginning seed set and rapid pod fill, the crop loss could be greater than 50 percent. Later in the season, say at full seed, the yield loss may be minor even with severe defoliation.
Manage soybeans to avoid SDS in the future by: (1) planting resistant varieties (certain varieties may advertise resistance to SDS), (2) improving field drainage, (3) avoiding compaction, (4) staggering planting dates, (5) delay planting until soils are warm and dry, (6) avoid continuous soybeans, and (7) maintain good crop vigor. SDS is more likely to occur in fields with soybean cyst nematode (SCN). Farmers should manage fields with this in mind and sample for SCN where SDS was a problem.
More information on sudden death syndrome (SDS) and soybean cyst nematode (SCN) can be obtained by contacting your local Extension Center, the University of Missouri Plant Pathology Department (Laura Sweets 573-882-2002), Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic (Barbara Corwin - Laura Kabrick 573-882-3019), or the Integrated Pest Management program (George Smith 573-882-3054). Information is needed on the soybean varieties affected by SDS. (Jim Jarman 573-642-0755)E- MAIL TO jarmanj@ext.missouri.edu
|
|
||
 |
 |
|